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Reverse Osmosis: Point-of-Use and Whole-House Systems

Under-sink and whole-house RO: installation, membranes, drain lines, wastewater and when each is justified.

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How to choose

Quick answer

Reverse osmosis addresses dissolved contaminants that carbon filtration and softening leave untouched — nitrates, arsenic, high TDS. In almost every home that means an under-sink unit at the drinking and cooking tap: one to two hours to install, no work on the main line. Whole-house RO is a different proposition — a five-component treatment train with a storage tank and a booster pump — and it is justified by a contaminant profile, not by a preference for the most thorough technology available.

What to compare

  • GPD rating alongside stage count, not on its own. Rated output is measured under test conditions, not your household's usage.
  • Certification by standard number. NSF/ANSI 58 covers membrane contaminant reduction; NSF/ANSI 372 covers lead-free construction. A bare "certified" claim compares nothing.
  • Reject-to-permeate ratio. Every RO system sends water to drain. How much varies meaningfully, and on a metered supply you pay for it.
  • What the install actually needs: a cold feed, an accessible drain section, and a hole for a dedicated faucet. Those three connections stall more installs than the filters do.